HSK 6 · Article · 695 characters · Listen: mandarinthewild.com/library/read/the-four-great-inventions-of-china

四大发明是谁说的?

Who named the Four Great Inventions of China?

Name: ________________ Date: ________

问wèn一个yígè中国zhōngguó孩子háizi:“中国zhōngguó古代gǔdài的de四大发明sìdà-fāmíng是shì什么shénme?”他tā多半duōbàn会huì马上mǎshàng回答huídá:“造纸术zàozhǐshù、印刷术yìnshuāshù、火药huǒyào和hé指南针zhǐnánzhēn!”这zhè四sì样yàng东西dōngxī写xiě在zài每měi本běn历史lìshǐ课本kèběn里,几乎jīhū人人rénrén都dōu背得出来bēide-chūlái。可是kěshì很hěn少shǎo有人yǒurén知道zhīdào,“四大发明sìdà-fāmíng”这zhè个gè说法shuōfǎ,最zuì早zǎo是shì从cóng一个yígè英国人yīngguórén的de一句话yíjùhuà里来lái的de。

四百多sìbǎiduō年nián前qián,英国yīngguó哲学家zhéxuéjiā培根péigēn写道xiědào,印刷术yìnshuāshù、火药huǒyào和hé磁铁cítiě这zhè三sān样yàng发明fāmíng,改变gǎibiàn了le整个zhěnggè世界shìjiè的de面貌miànmào。有意思yǒuyìsi的de是shì,培根péigēn当时dāngshí并不bìngbù清楚qīngchu它们tāmen来自láizì哪里nálǐ。后来hòulái,西方xīfāng学者xuézhě发现fāxiàn这zhè三sān样yàng东西dōngxī最zuì早zǎo都dōu出现chūxiàn在zài中国zhōngguó,又yòu把bǎ造纸术zàozhǐshù加jiā了le进去jìnqu,这zhè才cái有yǒu了le“四大发明sìdà-fāmíng”的de说法shuōfǎ。到dào了le二十世纪èrshí-shìjì,英国yīngguó学者xuézhě李约瑟lǐyuēsè写xiě书shū研究yánjiū中国zhōngguó古代gǔdài科学kēxué,这zhè个gè说法shuōfǎ就jiù传chuán得de更gèng广guǎng了le。

先xiān说shuō纸zhǐ。课本kèběn上shàng常cháng说shuō,东汉dōnghàn的de蔡伦càilún在zài公元gōngyuán105年nián发明fāmíng了le纸zhǐ。其实qíshí,考古学家káogǔxuéjiā找到zhǎodào过guò比bǐ他tā还hái早zǎo好几háojǐ百年bǎinián的de纸zhǐ。蔡伦càilún真正zhēnzhèng的de贡献gòngxiàn,是shì用yòng树皮shùpí、破布pòbù和hé旧jiù渔网yúwǎng造出zàochū了le又yòu便宜piányi又yòu好用hǎoyòng的de纸zhǐ。从cóng那nà以后yǐhòu,人们rénmen不必búbì再zài把bǎ字zì写xiě在zài又yòu重又yòu占zhàn地方dìfang的de竹简zhújiǎn上shàng了le。

印刷术yìnshuāshù也yě分fēn两liǎng步bù。一yì开始kāishǐ,人们rénmen把bǎ一yì整zhěng页yè字zì雕刻diāokè在zài一yí块kuài木板mùbǎn上shàng,再zài刷shuā上shàng墨mò印yìn到dào纸zhǐ上shàng;今天jīntiān能néng看到kàndào的de最zuì早zǎo标biāo着zhe日期rìqī的de印刷yìnshuā书shū,是shì公元gōngyuán868年nián的de《金刚经jīngāngjīng》。到dào了le北宋běisòng,一个yígè叫jiào毕昇bìshēng的de普通人pǔtōngrén想xiǎng出chū了le更gèng聪明cōngming的de办法bànfǎ:用yòng泥做成zuòchéng一个个yígègè单独dāndú的de字zì,烧shāo硬yìng以后yǐhòu,需要xūyào什么shénme字zì就jiù排pái什么shénme字zì,印yìn完wán还hái能néng把bǎ字zì拿ná下来xiàlai再zài用yòng。关于guānyú他tā的de一生yìshēng,我们wǒmen几乎jīhū一无所知yìwú-suǒzhī,只zhǐ因为yīnwèi科学家kēxuéjiā沈括shěnkuò在zài书shū里写下xiěxià了le这zhè件jiàn事shì,他tā的de名字míngzi才cái留liú了le下来xiàlai。

火药huǒyào的de故事gùshi更gèng有意思yǒuyìsi。唐朝tángcháo有yǒu一些yìxiē道士dàoshì想xiǎng炼liàn出chū吃chī了le能néng长生不老chángshēng-bùlǎo的de药yào,结果jiéguǒ药yào没méi炼liàn成chéng,却què炼liàn出chū了le一种yìzhǒng一yí碰到pèngdào火huǒ就jiù会huì烧shāo起来qǐlai的de东西dōngxī。所以suóyǐ,它tā的de名字míngzi里至今zhìjīn还有háiyǒu一个yígè“药yào”字zì。指南针zhǐnánzhēn最zuì早zǎo也yě不是búshì为了wèile航海hánghǎi:两千多liǎngqiānduō年nián前qián,人们rénmen用yòng磁石císhí做成zuòchéng勺子sháozi的de形状xíngzhuàng,用来yònglái占卜zhānbǔ和hé看kàn风水fēngshuǐ;到dào了le宋朝sòngcháo,磁cí针zhēn才cái被bèi用yòng在zài船chuán上shàng,帮助bāngzhù水手shuíshǒu在zài大海dàhǎi上shàng辨别biànbié方向fāngxiàng。

当然dāngrán,也yě有yǒu中国zhōngguó学者xuézhě认为rènwéi,只zhǐ说shuō这zhè四sì样yàng并不bìngbù公平gōngpíng:中国zhōngguó古代gǔdài在zài农业nóngyè、医学yīxué、天文tiānwén和hé数学shùxué上shàng的de成就chéngjiù,对duì中国zhōngguó人rén自己zìjǐ的de生活shēnghuó影响yíngxiǎng也许yéxǔ更gèng大dà。不过búguò,这zhè四sì样yàng东西dōngxī确实quèshí走出zǒuchū了le中国zhōngguó,传遍chuánbiàn了le世界shìjiè。今天jīntiān你nǐ手里shǒuli的de书shū、过年guònián时shí夜yè空中zhōng的de烟花yānhuā,都dōu能néng找到zhǎodào它们tāmen的de影子yǐngzi。

Key words

WordPinyinMeaning
古代gǔdàiancient times; antiquity
发明fāmínginvention; to invent
学者xuézhěscholar; academic
传chuánto pass on; to transmit
广guǎngGuangdong or Guangzhou (short for 广东, 广州)
贡献gòngxiàncontribution; to contribute; to devote
占zhànto occupy; to take up
印刷yìnshuāto print; printing
单独dāndúalone; by oneself; separately
硬yìnghard; stiff
烧shāoto cook; to roast; to stew (as in 烧鹅, 红烧)
至今zhìjīnto this day; so far; until now

English (for the teacher)

Ask a Chinese child, “What are the four great inventions of ancient China?” They will probably answer at once: “Papermaking, printing, gunpowder and the compass!” These four are in every history textbook, and almost everyone can recite them. But few people know that the idea of the “Four Great Inventions” first grew out of something an Englishman wrote.

Over four hundred years ago, the English philosopher Francis Bacon wrote that three inventions, printing, gunpowder and the magnet, had changed the face of the whole world. The interesting part is that Bacon had no clear idea where they came from. Later, Western scholars found that all three first appeared in China, added papermaking, and that is how the idea of the “Four Great Inventions” was born. In the twentieth century the British scholar Joseph Needham wrote books on the science of ancient China, and the idea spread even further.

Paper first. Textbooks often say that Cai Lun of the Eastern Han invented paper in the year 105. In fact, archaeologists have found paper several hundred years older than him. Cai Lun's real achievement was making cheap, practical paper from tree bark, rags and old fishing nets. From then on, people no longer had to write on heavy, bulky bamboo slips.

Printing also came in two steps. At first, people carved a whole page of characters onto a wooden block, brushed it with ink and pressed it onto paper; the oldest dated printed book we can still see today is the Diamond Sutra of 868. In the Northern Song, an ordinary man called Bi Sheng thought of a cleverer way: make every character a separate piece of clay, fire it hard, set whatever characters you need, and after printing lift the characters out to use again. We know almost nothing about his life; his name survives only because the scientist Shen Kuo mentioned him in a book.

The story of gunpowder is even better. In the Tang dynasty some Taoist priests were trying to brew a medicine that would let you live forever; they never managed it, but they did brew up something that burst into flames as soon as it touched fire. That's why its Chinese name, 火药, “fire medicine”, still has the word for medicine in it. The compass wasn't for sailing at first either: over two thousand years ago people shaped lodestone into a spoon and used it for fortune-telling and feng shui; only in the Song did magnetic needles go on board ships, helping sailors find their way at sea.

Of course, some Chinese scholars think naming just these four isn't fair: ancient China's achievements in farming, medicine, astronomy and mathematics may have mattered even more to Chinese people's own lives. Still, these four really did leave China and spread across the world. Today you can find traces of them in the book in your hands and in the fireworks over the New Year sky.