HSK 5 · Article · 571 characters · Listen: mandarinthewild.com/library/read/who-invented-paper

纸是蔡伦发明的吗?

Who invented paper? Cai Lun and the older paper

Name: ________________ Date: ________

两千多liǎngqiānduō年nián前qián,有yǒu个gè叫jiào东方朔dōngfāngshuò的de人rén想xiǎng去qù长安cháng’ān做官zuòguān。他tā给gěi汉武帝hànwǔdì写xiě了le一yì封fēng信xìn,介绍jièshào自己zìjǐ。这zhè封fēng信xìn写xiě在zài三千sānqiān片piàn木片mùpiàn上shàng,要yào两liǎng个gè人rén一起yìqǐ才cái抬得动táidedòng。汉武帝hànwǔdì一点一点yìdiǎn-yìdiǎn地de读dú,读dú了le两liǎng个gè月yuè才cái读dú完wán。

那nà时候shíhou还hái没有méiyǒu纸zhǐ。人们rénmen一般yìbān把bǎ字zì写xiě在zài竹zhú片piàn或者huòzhě木片mùpiàn上shàng,又yòu重zhòng又yòu占zhàn地方dìfang。也yě有人yǒurén写xiě在zài丝绸sīchóu上shàng,可是kěshì丝绸sīchóu太tài贵guì了le,普通人pǔtōngrén用不起yòngbuqǐ。

那么nàme,纸zhǐ是shì谁shéi发明fāmíng的de呢ne?很hěn多duō中国zhōngguó人rén从小cóngxiǎo在zài课本kèběn里读dú到dào的de答案dá’àn是shì:蔡伦càilún。

蔡伦càilún是shì东汉dōnghàn时shí在zài皇宫huánggōng里工作gōngzuò的de一个yígè官员guānyuán,负责fùzé给gěi皇帝huángdì做zuò各种gèzhǒng用品yòngpǐn。公元gōngyuán一零五yīlíngwǔ年nián,他tā把bǎ一种yìzhǒng新xīn的de造纸zàozhǐ方法fāngfǎ献xiàn给gěi了le皇帝huángdì。他tā用yòng的de东西dōngxī都dōu很hěn便宜piányi:树皮shùpí、旧jiù麻má、破布pòbù,还有háiyǒu旧jiù的de渔网yúwǎng。把bǎ这些zhèxiē东西dōngxī放进fàngjìn水shuǐ里煮zhǔ烂làn,打碎dǎsuì,变成biànchéng纸浆zhǐjiāng,再zài薄薄báobáo地de铺开pūkāi,晒干shàigān以后yǐhòu,就jiù成chéng了le纸zhǐ。皇帝huángdì很hěn满意mǎnyì,后来hòulái人们rénmen就jiù把bǎ这种zhèzhǒng纸zhǐ叫作jiàozuò“蔡侯纸”。

可是kěshì,故事gùshi到dào这里zhèlǐ还hái没有méiyǒu结束jiéshù。上shàng个gè世纪shìjì八十bāshí年代niándài,考古学家káogǔxuéjiā在zài甘肃gānsù天水tiānshuǐ的de放马滩发现fāxiàn了le一yì小xiǎo块kuài很hěn薄báo的de纸zhǐ,上面shàngmiàn还hái画huà着zhe地图dìtú。专家zhuānjiā认为rènwéi,它tā是shì西汉xīhàn时期shíqī的de,比bǐ蔡伦càilún早zǎo了le两百多liángbǎiduō年nián。后来hòulái,在zài别的biéde地方dìfang也yě发现fāxiàn过guò比bǐ蔡伦càilún更gèng早zǎo的de纸zhǐ。

这么zhème说shuō,课本kèběn错cuò了le吗ma?也yě不bù完全wánquán是shì。现在xiànzài很hěn多duō学者xuézhě认为rènwéi,在zài蔡伦càilún以前yǐqián,中国zhōngguó已经yǐjīng有yǒu了le纸zhǐ,可是kěshì这种zhèzhǒng纸zhǐ比较bǐjiào粗糙cūcāo,做zuò的de人rén也yě不bù多duō,还hái不太bútài适合shìhé写字xiězì。蔡伦càilún做zuò的de事情shìqing,是shì把bǎ造纸zàozhǐ的de方法fāngfǎ改进gǎijìn了le:用yòng的de东西dōngxī更gèng便宜piányi,做zuò出来chūlái的de纸zhǐ更gèng好用hǎoyòng,而且érqiě可以kéyǐ大量dàliàng生产shēngchǎn。从cóng那nà以后yǐhòu,纸zhǐ才cái慢慢mànmàn走进zǒujìn了le普通人pǔtōngrén的de生活shēnghuó。

所以suóyǐ,如果rúguǒ有人yǒurén问wèn你nǐ“纸zhǐ是shì谁shéi发明fāmíng的de”,你nǐ可以kéyǐ这样zhèyàng回答huídá:纸zhǐ不是búshì蔡伦càilún一yí个gè人rén发明fāmíng的de,可是kěshì没有méiyǒu他tā,纸zhǐ可能kěnéng还hái要yào再zài等děng很hěn多年duōnián,才cái能néng变成biànchéng人人rénrén都dōu用得起yòngdeqǐ的de东西dōngxī。

想xiǎng一yì想xiǎng,如果rúguǒ东方朔dōngfāngshuò生shēng在zài三百sānbǎi年nián以后yǐhòu,他tā的de那nà封fēng信xìn写xiě在zài纸zhǐ上shàng,一yí个gè人rén就jiù能néng拿走názǒu。汉武帝hànwǔdì呢ne,大概dàgài也yě不用búyòng读dú两liǎng个gè月yuè了le。

Key words

WordPinyinMeaning
片piànfilm; movie (as in 影片)
重zhònglayer (as in 万重山)
答案dá’ànanswer; solution
负责fùzéto be in charge of; to be responsible for
各种gèzhǒngall kinds of; various
叫作jiàozuòto be called; to be known as
世纪shìjìcentury
完全wánquáncompletely; entirely; totally; complete; whole
适合shìhéto suit; to fit; to be right for
大量dàliànglarge amount; large quantity; in large quantities; heavily
生shēngto give birth to; to bear
占zhànto occupy; to take up

English (for the teacher)

More than two thousand years ago, a man called Dongfang Shuo wanted to go to Chang'an and become an official. He wrote a letter to Emperor Wu of Han introducing himself. The letter was written on three thousand wooden slips, and it took two men to lift it. Emperor Wu read it bit by bit, and it took him two months to finish.

There was no paper yet. People usually wrote on strips of bamboo or wood, which were heavy and took up space. Some wrote on silk, but silk was far too expensive for ordinary people.

So who invented paper? The answer many Chinese people read in their textbooks as children is Cai Lun.

Cai Lun was an official who worked in the palace in the Eastern Han, in charge of making all kinds of things for the emperor. In the year 105 he presented the emperor with a new way of making paper. Everything he used was cheap: tree bark, old hemp, rags and old fishing nets. You put these things in water, boiled them soft, beat them into pulp, then spread it out thin, and once it dried in the sun, it was paper. The emperor was very pleased, and later people called this paper “Marquis Cai paper”.

But the story doesn't end there. In the 1980s, archaeologists at Fangmatan, near Tianshui in Gansu, found a small, very thin piece of paper with a map drawn on it. Experts believe it is from the Western Han, more than two hundred years before Cai Lun. Paper older than Cai Lun has since been found in other places too.

So were the textbooks wrong? Not entirely. Many scholars now think China already had paper before Cai Lun, but it was fairly rough, few people made it, and it wasn't very good for writing on. What Cai Lun did was improve the way paper was made: the materials were cheaper, the paper was better to use, and it could be made in large amounts. Only after that did paper slowly find its way into ordinary people's lives.

So if someone asks you who invented paper, you can answer like this: paper wasn't invented by Cai Lun alone, but without him it might have had to wait many more years to become something everyone could afford.

Just think: if Dongfang Shuo had been born three hundred years later, his letter would have been on paper, and one person could have carried it off. As for Emperor Wu, he probably wouldn't have needed two months to read it.