中文为什么要用量词?
Why does Chinese have measure words?
Name: ________________ Date: ________
Key words
| Word | Pinyin | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 匹 | pǐ | classifier for horses, mules and bolts of cloth |
| 类似 | lèisì | similar; analogous; to be similar to |
| 用法 | yòngfǎ | usage; how to use |
| 规律 | guīlǜ | law; pattern; regularity; regular |
| 配 | pèi | to match; to go with |
| 古代 | gǔdài | ancient times; antiquity |
| 据 | jù | according to; based on |
| 逐渐 | zhújiàn | gradually; little by little |
| 遵守 | zūnshǒu | to observe; to comply with; to abide by |
| 规则 | guīzé | rule; regulation |
| 纠正 | jiūzhèng | to correct; to put right |
| 难免 | nánmiǎn | hard to avoid; inevitable |
English (for the teacher)
When they first learn Chinese, almost everyone makes this howler: they mean to say 一匹马, “a horse”, and out pops 一个马. A Chinese friend usually doesn't know whether to laugh or cry, then corrects you with endless patience. You can't help wondering: in English “a horse” is enough, so why does Chinese insist on squeezing a little measure word between the number and the noun? Isn't that drawing legs on a snake?
Actually, English has similar expressions. You can't say “a bread”, only “a loaf of bread”, and a herd of cows on a ranch can be “twenty head of cattle”. The difference is that in English this is the exception, while in Chinese it is the rule: almost anything you can count needs a measure word in front of it. In fact, measure words aren't unique to Chinese: Japanese, Vietnamese and Thai each have a whole set of their own.
Intriguingly, early Chinese didn't need measure words at first. In old books people often said simply 三人, “three people”, or 五马, “five horses”: the thing counted came right after the number, with nothing in between. According to linguists, measure words caught on gradually, and only by around nine hundred years ago, in the Song dynasty, did putting one between number and noun become a grammar rule you had to follow.
So what are measure words actually for? Scholars hold many different views. One view is that measure words are like a set of drawers that sort things by shape: long, soft things take 条, like a fish, a river or a pair of trousers; flat things take 张, like a sheet of paper, a bed or a face; things with a handle take 把, like an umbrella, a chair or a knife. Another view is that measure words make a vague meaning definite. Take 课: 一门课 means a whole course, but 一节课 is just one slot on the timetable.
Do Chinese people themselves always pick the exact measure word? In fact, casually reaching for 个 is an everyday thing. Linguists have found that in everyday speech 个 turns up hundreds of times more often than the specialised measure words. Plenty of people know perfectly well they should say 一所学校, “a school”, yet what slips out is 一个学校, and they never even notice. No wonder some people call 个 the “all-purpose measure word”. So if you really can't recall a measure word, 个 at least won't be too far off. Only for that horse, you'd better just learn its 匹 properly.