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中文为什么要用量词?

Why does Chinese have measure words?

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刚gāng学xué中文zhōngwén的de时候shíhou,几乎jīhū每měi个gè人rén都dōu出chū过guò这样zhèyàng的de洋相yángxiàng:想xiǎng说shuō“一yì匹pǐ马mǎ”,脱口而出tuōkǒu-érchū的de却是quèshì“一个yígè马mǎ”。中国zhōngguó朋友péngyǒu听tīng了le往往wángwǎng哭笑不得kūxiào-bùdé,然后ránhòu不厌其烦búyàn-qífán地de纠正jiūzhèng你nǐ。你nǐ心里xīnli难免nánmiǎn纳闷nàmèn:英语yīngyǔ里说shuō“a horse”就jiù够gòu了le,中文zhōngwén为什么wèishénme偏偏piānpiān要yào在zài数字shùzì和hé名词míngcí中间zhōngjiān,再zài塞进sāijìn一个yígè小小xiáoxiǎo的de量词liàngcí呢ne?这zhè难道nándào不是búshì画蛇添足huàshé-tiānzú吗ma?

其实qíshí,英语yīngyǔ里也yě有yǒu类似lèisì的de说法shuōfǎ。你nǐ不能bùnéng说shuō“a bread”,只能zhǐnéng说shuō“a loaf of bread”;牧场mùchǎng上shàng成群chéngqún的de牛niú,也yě可以kéyǐ说shuō“twenty head of cattle”。区别qūbié在于zàiyú,这种zhèzhǒng用法yòngfǎ在zài英语yīngyǔ里只是zhǐshì例外lìwài,在zài中文zhōngwén里却是quèshì规律guīlǜ:凡是fánshì能néng数shǔ的de东西dōngxī,前面qiánmiàn几乎jīhū都dōu得děi配pèi一个yígè量词liàngcí。事实上shìshíshàng,量词liàngcí并bìng不是búshì中文zhōngwén独有dúyǒu的de,日语rìyǔ、越南语yuènányǔ和hé泰语tàiyǔ里也yě都dōu有yǒu一yì整套zhěngtào。

耐人寻味nàirén-xúnwèi的de是shì,古代gǔdài汉语hànyǔ起初qǐchū并不bìngbù需要xūyào量词liàngcí。在zài古书gǔshū里,人们rénmen常常chángcháng直接zhíjiē说shuō“三sān人rén”、“五wǔ马mǎ”,数字shùzì后面hòumiàn紧跟jǐngēn着zhe要数yàoshǔ的de东西dōngxī,中间zhōngjiān什么shénme也yě没有méiyǒu。据jù语言学家yǔyánxuéjiā研究yánjiū,量词liàngcí是shì逐渐zhújiàn兴起xīngqǐ的de,大约dàyuē到dào了le九百多jiúbǎiduō年nián前qián的de宋朝sòngcháo,在zài数字shùzì和hé名词míngcí之间zhījiān加jiā量词liàngcí,才cái成chéng了le必须bìxū遵守zūnshǒu的de语法yúfǎ规则guīzé。

那么nàme,量词liàngcí到底dàodǐ有yǒu什么shénme用yòng?学术界xuéshùjiè众说纷纭zhòngshuō-fēnyún。一种yìzhǒng看法kànfǎ认为rènwéi,量词liàngcí像xiàng一个个yígègè抽屉chōuti,把bǎ东西dōngxī按àn形状xíngzhuàng归类guīlèi:细长xìcháng又yòu柔软róuruǎn的de用yòng“条tiáo”,比如bǐrú一yì条tiáo鱼yú、一yì条tiáo河hé、一yì条tiáo裤子kùzi;扁平biǎnpíng的de用yòng“张zhāng”,比如bǐrú一yì张zhāng纸zhǐ、一yì张zhāng床chuáng、一yì张zhāng脸liǎn;带dài把手báshǒu的用yòng“把bǎ”,比如bǐrú一yì把bǎ伞sǎn、一yì把bǎ椅子yǐzi、一yì把bǎ刀dāo。另lìng一种yìzhǒng看法kànfǎ认为rènwéi,量词liàngcí能néng让ràng含糊hánhu的de意思yìsi变得biànde明确míngquè。同样tóngyàng是shì“课kè”,“一yì门mén课kè”指zhǐ的de是shì一yì整zhěng门mén课程kèchéng,“一yì节jié课kè”却què只是zhǐshì课程表kèchéngbiǎo里的de一次yícì。

中国zhōngguó人rén自己zìjǐ说话shuōhuà时shí,是不是shìbúshì每次měicì都dōu把bǎ量词liàngcí用yòng得de这么zhème讲究jiǎngjiu呢ne?其实qíshí,随口suíkǒu用yòng“个gè”的de情况qíngkuàng司空见惯sīkōng-jiànguàn。语言学家yǔyánxuéjiā发现fāxiàn,在zài日常rìcháng口语kóuyǔ里,“个gè”出现chūxiàn的de次数cìshù比bǐ那些nàxiē专门zhuānmén的de量词liàngcí多出duōchū几百jíbǎi倍bèi。很hěn多duō人rén明明míngmíng知道zhīdào该gāi说shuō“一yì所suǒ学校xuéxiào”,随口suíkǒu冒出来màochūlai的de却是quèshì“一yí个gè学校xuéxiào”,自己zìjǐ还hái浑然不觉húnrán-bùjué。难怪nánguài有人yǒurén把bǎ“个gè”叫做jiàozuò“万wàn能量néngliàng词cí”。所以suóyǐ,倘若tǎngruò你nǐ实在shízài想不起xiǎngbuqǐ某mǒu个gè量词liàngcí,用yòng“个gè”起码qímǎ不会búhuì错cuò得de太tài离谱lípǔ。只有zhíyǒu那nà匹pǐ马mǎ,最好zuìhǎo还是háishi老老实实láolǎo-shíshí记住jìzhu它tā的de“匹pǐ”。

Key words

WordPinyinMeaning
匹pǐclassifier for horses, mules and bolts of cloth
类似lèisìsimilar; analogous; to be similar to
用法yòngfǎusage; how to use
规律guīlǜlaw; pattern; regularity; regular
配pèito match; to go with
古代gǔdàiancient times; antiquity
据jùaccording to; based on
逐渐zhújiàngradually; little by little
遵守zūnshǒuto observe; to comply with; to abide by
规则guīzérule; regulation
纠正jiūzhèngto correct; to put right
难免nánmiǎnhard to avoid; inevitable

English (for the teacher)

When they first learn Chinese, almost everyone makes this howler: they mean to say 一匹马, “a horse”, and out pops 一个马. A Chinese friend usually doesn't know whether to laugh or cry, then corrects you with endless patience. You can't help wondering: in English “a horse” is enough, so why does Chinese insist on squeezing a little measure word between the number and the noun? Isn't that drawing legs on a snake?

Actually, English has similar expressions. You can't say “a bread”, only “a loaf of bread”, and a herd of cows on a ranch can be “twenty head of cattle”. The difference is that in English this is the exception, while in Chinese it is the rule: almost anything you can count needs a measure word in front of it. In fact, measure words aren't unique to Chinese: Japanese, Vietnamese and Thai each have a whole set of their own.

Intriguingly, early Chinese didn't need measure words at first. In old books people often said simply 三人, “three people”, or 五马, “five horses”: the thing counted came right after the number, with nothing in between. According to linguists, measure words caught on gradually, and only by around nine hundred years ago, in the Song dynasty, did putting one between number and noun become a grammar rule you had to follow.

So what are measure words actually for? Scholars hold many different views. One view is that measure words are like a set of drawers that sort things by shape: long, soft things take 条, like a fish, a river or a pair of trousers; flat things take 张, like a sheet of paper, a bed or a face; things with a handle take 把, like an umbrella, a chair or a knife. Another view is that measure words make a vague meaning definite. Take 课: 一门课 means a whole course, but 一节课 is just one slot on the timetable.

Do Chinese people themselves always pick the exact measure word? In fact, casually reaching for 个 is an everyday thing. Linguists have found that in everyday speech 个 turns up hundreds of times more often than the specialised measure words. Plenty of people know perfectly well they should say 一所学校, “a school”, yet what slips out is 一个学校, and they never even notice. No wonder some people call 个 the “all-purpose measure word”. So if you really can't recall a measure word, 个 at least won't be too far off. Only for that horse, you'd better just learn its 匹 properly.